Challenges and Solutions to Criminal Liability for the Actions of Robots and AI

Civil liability legislation is currently being developed, but little attention has been paid to the issue of criminal liability for the actions of robots. The study describes the generations of robots and points out the concerns about robots’ autonomy. The more autonomy robots obtain, the greater capacity they have for self-learning, yet the more difficulty in proving the failure foreseeability when designing and whether culpability or the elements of a specific crime can be considered. In this study, the tort liability depending on the category of robots is described, and the possible solutions are analyzed. It is shown that there is no need to introduce new criminal law constructions, but to focus on the process of proof. Instead of changing the legal system, it is necessary to create the most detailed audit trail telling about the robot’s actions and surroundings or to have a digital twin of the robot

Challenges and Solutions to Criminal Liability for the Actions of Robots and AI

Civil liability legislation is currently being developed, but little attention has been paid to the issue of criminal liability for the actions of robots. The study describes the generations of robots and points out the concerns about robots’ autonomy. The more autonomy robots obtain, the greater capacity they have for self-learning, yet the more difficulty in proving the failure foreseeability when designing and whether culpability or the elements of a specific crime can be considered. In this study, the tort liability depending on the category of robots is described, and the possible solutions are analyzed. It is shown that there is no need to introduce new criminal law constructions, but to focus on the process of proof. Instead of changing the legal system, it is necessary to create the most detailed audit trail telling about the robot’s actions and surroundings or to have a digital twin of the robot

Dynamic Biometric Signature - an Effective Alternative for Electronic Authentication

The use of dynamic biometric methods for the authentication of people provides significantly greater security than the use of the static ones. The variance of individual dynamic properties of a person, which protects biometric methods against attacks, can be the weak point of these methods at the same time. This paper summarizes the results of a long-term research, which shows that a DBS demonstrates practically absolute resistance to forging and that the stability of signatures provided by test subjects in various situations is high. Factors such as alcohol and stress have no influence on signature stability, either. The results of the experiments showed that the handwritten signature obtained through long practice and the consolidation of the dynamic stereotype, is so automated and stored so deep in the human brain, that its involuntary performance also allows other processes to take place in the cerebral cortex. The dynamic stereotype is composed of psychological, anatomical and motor characteristics of each person. It was also proven to be true that the use of different devices did not have a major impact on the stability of signatures, which is of importance in the case of a blanket deployment. The carried out experiments conclusively showed that the aspects that could have an impact on the stability of a signature did not manifest themselves in such a way that we could not trust these methods even used on commercially available devices. In the conclusion of the paper, the possible directions of research are suggested

Dynamic Biometric Signature - an Effective Alternative for Electronic Authentication

The use of dynamic biometric methods for the authentication of people provides significantly greater security than the use of the static ones. The variance of individual dynamic properties of a person, which protects biometric methods against attacks, can be the weak point of these methods at the same time.This paper summarizes the results of a long-term research, which shows that a DBS demonstrates practically absolute resistance to forging and that the stability of signatures provided by test subjects in various situations is high. Factors such as alcohol and stress have no influence on signature stability, either. The results of the experiments showed that the handwritten signature obtained through long practice and the consolidation of the dynamic stereotype, is so automated and stored so deep in the human brain, that its involuntary performance also allows other processes to take place in the cerebral cortex. The dynamic stereotype is composed of psychological, anatomical and motor characteristics of each person. It was also proven to be true that the use of different devices did not have a major impact on the stability of signatures, which is of importance in the case of a blanket deployment.The carried out experiments conclusively showed that the aspects that could have an impact on the stability of a signature did not manifest themselves in such a way that we could not trust these methods even used on commercially available devices. In the conclusion of the paper, the possible directions of research are suggested

Electronic Signature in Accordancewith Regulation eIDAS

Právní vymezení elektronického podpisu v ČR bylo doposud dáno Směrnicí Evropského parlamentu a Rady 1999/93/ES ze dne 13. prosince 1999 o zásadách Společenství pro elektronické podpisy, na jeho základě vytvořeným zákonem č. 227/2000 Sb., o elektronickém podpisu, ve znění pozdějších předpisů (dále také jen „EPZ“) a novým občanským zákoníkem, zákonem č. 89/2012 Sb. (dále také jen „NOZ“)Dne 23. července 2014 bylo vydáno Nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady č. 910/2014 o elektronické identifikaci a službách vytvářejících důvěru pro elektronické transakce na vnitřním trhu a o zrušení směrnice 1999/93/ES (dále také jen „Nařízení“), které je – s určitými výjimkami – účinné od 1. července 2016. Protože jde o přímo působící předpis, bude jeho důsledkem s největší pravděpodobností zrušení, nebo značná redukce zákona o elektronickém podpisu, jakož i další změny v české legislativě.Článek se zabývá jak právními, tak věcnými důsledky tohoto nového Nařízení v oblasti elektronického podpisu a hodnotí nové definice v Nařízení použité v kontextu s dosavadní právní úpravou.The legal definition of electronic signature in the Czech Republic, has so far been given by Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures, was established on its basis by Act no. 227/2000 Coll., on electronic signatures, asamended and the new Law no. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code.The Regulation No. 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93 / EC that was issued on July23, 2014 is – with certain exceptions – effective from 1 July 2016. Since this is a directacting prescription, it will be most likely the cause of the abolition or substantial reduction of  the Act on Electronic  Signatures as well as other changes in the Czech legislation.The article deals with both legal and factual consequences of this new regulation in the field of electronic signature and evaluates new definitions of the Regulation used in the context of existing legislation

The internet for everything system for the papal basilica and sacred convent of Saint Francis in Assisi, Italy

The purpose of this work is to illustrate the methodology and show the results obtained from the study and the design of the Internet of Everything system for the Papal Basilica and Sacred Convent of Saint Francis in Assisi, Italy, considering all the sub-projects that have already started and the new sub-projects that are going to start